This article provides a structured overview of the fundamental material concepts required for downhole tool design and selection. It clarifies the relationship between grade, material, and designation, and explains how these concepts are applied in the API casing system. The content focuses on the main alloy families used in downhole tools—carbon and low-alloy steels, martensitic and super martensitic stainless steels, duplex and super duplex stainless steels, and Ni-based alloys—and links them to their typical applications and environmental limits, including sour service under NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156. Cross-reference tables between AISI, GB, DIN/EN, and UNS designations are provided, along with quick-reference tables for commonly used tool materials, making the article suitable as a long-term technical reference for engineers involved in casing, completion, and downhole tool engineering, as well as for internal standards and training.
December 10, 2025